Knowledge_Pile

content string	url string
Processing hyperspectral images allows you to decode images and recognize objects in the scene on the base of analysis of spectrums. In some problems, information about the spectra may not be sufficient. In this case, visualization of data sets may use, for object recognition, by use additional non-formalized external ...	https://www.intechopen.com/books/hyperspectral-imaging-in-agriculture-food-and-environment/using-the-target-visualization-method-to-process-hyperspectral-images
If one flower represents one season, the lotus flower, would be the one for summer. The lotus has long been seen as Hunan’s provincial flower. When taking a trip to various tourist destinations in Hunan, you will always see lotus in bloom. The flowers last from June to August, and summer is the prime time for appreciat...	http://enghunan.gov.cn/hneng/newscollection/news2018/July2018/201807/t20180727_5062809.html
A classic Chinese writing reads "I love the lotus because while growing from mud, it is unstained." Ever since, the lotus has become a metaphor for honesty and a noble character, symbolic of maintaining ones purity even when immersed in an atmosphere of filth and corruption. Embroidered alongside this elegant piece is ...	https://www.artofsilk.com/collections/framed-artwork/products/lotus-flowers
The lotus is one of the most significant symbolic flowers in the Egyptian-Nubian culture. It symbolizes birth and life after death. Our jewelry is inspired by a lotus pendant with a center lotus flower made by gold wire and glass flux. It is the only piece of its kind to be found together with numerous other pieces of ...	https://shop.spacedustla.com/products/egyptian-lotus-necklace
Between the golden-yellow lotus leaves and stalks, we see swaying white lotus flowers with thick black border lines and red fish swimming among them. The transcendent serenity depicted highlights the infinite vitality of life. - 12 inches - Bone china Tai-Hwa is a Taiwanese ceramics brand whose mission is to combine be...	https://azneo.com/products/lotus-12-bone-china-gold-transfer-round-plate
This chapter serves as a fantastic test preparation tool for individuals who want to better understand or get reacquainted with chemical bonds and reactions. Enhance your comprehension of the laws of thermodynamics, redox reactions, different types of chemical bonds and more. In no time, you will be able to: - Define c...	https://study.com/academy/topic/chemical-bonds-reactions.html
NOBCChE Collaborative is proud to announce our Faculty Seminar Series, highlighting faculty’s scientific expertise and covering a wide range of topics. Each seminar is free and open to the public, but registration is required. Use the button above to register. October 28th - Psaras McGrier, PhD Title: Synthesis and Des...	https://www.nobcche.org/collaborative-faculty-seminar-series
Enzymes are protein catalysts that are responsible for lowering the energy barrier of many biological reactions. They function by reducing the activation energy of the reactions that they catalyse which allows the metabolic reaction to occur faster and at physiological temperatures. Enzymes are specific for one substra...	https://www.fastbleep.com/wiki/article/1183
Redox potential, a measure of how oxidising or reducing an environment is, is tightly regulated by cells to minimise detrimental chemical oxidation and reduction reactions. In proteins, it is the sulfur containing cysteine residues that can be post-translationally modified through specific redox reactions, for example,...	https://era.ed.ac.uk/handle/1842/18020
This blog post will answer the question, “what is the difference between flammable and combustible” and cover topics like factors differentiating between flammable and combustible, and frequently asked questions related to the topic. What is the difference between flammable and combustible? Here are the differences bet...	https://tamingfires.com/what-is-the-difference-between-flammable-and-combustible/
【Appearance】Clear, colorless liquid. 【Solubility in water】Miscible 【Melting Point】-73℃ 【Boiling Point】140℃ 【Vapor Pressure】6 (25℃) 【Density】0.928 g/cm3 (20℃) 【pKa/pKb】5.74 (pKb) 【Partition Coefficient】.06 【Heat Of Vaporization】37.7 kJ/mol 【Vapor Density】4.12 【Refractive Index】1.4115 (20℃) First Aid Measures 【Ingestion】...	http://www.ts007.com/Chemical/122-07-6/msds
Prudent Practices in the Laboratory : Handling and Disposal of Chemicals. - Publication: - Washington : National Academies Press, 1995. - Format/Description: - Book 1 online resource (443 pages) - Status/Location: - Loading... Options \|Location\|\|Notes\|\|Your Loan Policy\| Details - Other records: - - Subjects: - Hazardou...	https://franklin.library.upenn.edu/catalog/FRANKLIN_9977920950903681
24.0815 Storage—-General requirements. Before being distributed or used, all imported hazardous materials shall be stored in a way that will protect against the unintentional release of the materials to the environment. Where storage is defined as 10% of the reportable quantity or 55 gallons or greater, protective meas...	https://new.asbar.org/regulation/24-0815-storage-general-requirements/
Workplace fire safety By following these simple steps you can reduce the likelihood of adding to the UAE's fire statistics. By following these simple steps you can reduce the likelihood of adding to the statistics, but if fire does occur, keep the impact to the absolute minimum. Glen Sumber, senior fire consultant and ...	https://www.constructionweekonline.com/article-3301-workplace-fire-safety
N-Benzyl-4-Piperidone Formal Name: 1-(phenylmethyl)-4-piperidinone CAS Number:3612-20-2 Synonyms: 1-Benzyl-4-piperidone: NSC 77933 Molecular Formula: C12H15NO Formula Weight: 189.3 Purity: ≥98% 4-Piperidone Monohydrate usage: Pharmaceutical Intermediates Appearance & Physical State: clear to yellow oilyliquid Density: ...	https://www.sdefine.com/piperidone/54706295.html
Homes and offices alike typically hold a number of chemical products. This could range from cleaning and maintenance supplies, to bathroom products, medicines, renovation materials, and more. Most people tend to just stick the various bottles in a closet or cabinet and forget about them. However, if chemical products a...	https://alansfactoryoutlet.com/storage-buildings-chemical-storage-safety-tips/
Working with Flammables and Reactives in the Laboratory Course Description: This course covers lab safety as it relates to the safe handling of flammables and reactives in the lab. Workplace fires and explosions are not only common—but also deadly. By virtue of the type of work conducted in laboratories—including worki...	https://simplifytraining.com/course/working-with-flammables-and-reactives-in-the-laboratory/
Distance Units: Distance Units Standard Metric Skip Data Menu Key Info Identification Protective Equipment / Clothing Protective Distance Fire Fighting Procedures Reactivities / Incompatibilities Treatment Overview Basic CAS Registry Number EPA Hazardous Waste No. Major Uses Molecular Formula Shipment Methods / Regulat...	https://webwiser.nlm.nih.gov/getSubstanceData.do?substanceId=146&displaySubstanceName=1-Propyne-3-ol&STCCID=&UNNAID=&selectedDataMenuItemID=46&catId=54
For optimum performance, mix Borchi® A-111 EU into resin before the addition of other formulation components. This process prevents bubble formation during compounding and application processes. 0.1 – 0.5 % additive by weight (as supplied) based on total formulation. Storage Please consult Borchi® A-111 EU product labe...	https://www.borchers.com/product/borchi-a-111-eu/
Mixing incompatible materials together can result in explosions, fires and severe injuries. An article in Lab Manager Magazine reports that improper storage of chemicals accounts for 25 percent of all chemical accidents in labs. The article describes the following examples of two serious lab incidents, both involving n...	https://www.justrite.com/news/cat/storage/post/chemical-storage-guidelines-for-safety-cabinets/
Stability: Stable. Incompatible with phosphorus, sulphur, zinc, ammonia, finely powdered metals, strong reducing agents, acids, organic materials. Storage Condition: Keep away from heat, sparks, and flame. Do not store near combustible materials. Store in a tightly closed container. Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilate...	http://sparrowchemical.com/product_show.asp?id=1798
What is the law in terms of the storage of hazardous substances? In many work places across the country, there are a vast amount of hazardous substances that, if not stored correctly can cause serious harm. Knowing how to correctly and safely store them is not only something that employers must follow to keep their sta...	https://risk-assessment-products.co.uk/blog/what-is-the-law-in-terms-of-the-storage-of-hazardous-substances/
: R36/38- Irritating to eyes and skin. immediately with plenty of water and seek S28- After contact with skin, wash immediately S37/39- Wear suitable gloves and eye/face S45- In case of accident or if you feel unwell, seek medical advice immediately (show the S61- Avoid release to the environment. Refer to special inst...	http://medicpdf.com/i/inhospitality.com.au1.html
PERSONAL PROTECTION : Must wear eye protection glasses, mask, gloves and boots while handling the material. FIRE FIGHTING METHODS : Use dry chemical, CO2, sand, dolomite, etc. Water or halogenated extinguishing medium are NOT to be used. HAZARD INFORMATION : Avoid dust clouds formation, which may present a dust explosi...	https://www.uniquesc.in/zinc.php
Calcium bromide powder can be used to formulate the drilling, completion and workover fluids. Technical Index Appearance White powder Assay, %min 96.0 pH (5% solution) 6.5-9.5 Cl-, %max 0.5 SO42-, %max 0.05 Density of 52% water solution @20℃, g/cm3 1.70min Water insoluble, %max 0.3 Moisture, %max 3.0 Heavy metal (Pb), ...	http://uzhuchem.com/product/calcium-bromide-powder.html
Product Name: Name: Octane,1-chloro- (Related Reference) EINECS: 203-915-5 Molecular Formula: C8H17Cl CAS Registry Number: 111-85-3 Synonyms: 1-Octyl chloride; Capryl chloride; NSC 5406; Octyl chloride; n-Octyl chloride; n-Octyl chlorid; InChI: InChI=1/C8H17Cl/c1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9/h2-8H2,1H3 HS Code: 29031980 Molecular S...	http://www.chuanghuachem.com/product/showproduct.php?lang=en&id=458
Hazardous Materials3 min read Hazardous materials (hazmat) are any material that has properties that may result in risk or injury to health and/or destruction of life or facilities. Many hazardous materials (hazmat) do not have a taste or an odor. Some can be detected because they cause physical reactions such as water...	https://hsseworld.com/hazardous-materials/
- Stability:Stable, but may form peroxides in storage if in contact with air. Highly flammable. Incompatible with oxidizing agents. - CAS DataBase Reference628-81-9(CAS DataBase Reference) - EPA Substance Registry SystemButane, 1-ethoxy- (628-81-9) - Language:EnglishProvider:SigmaAldrich - Language:EnglishProvider:ACRO...	https://m.chemicalbook.com/ProductChemicalPropertiesCB3854031_EN.htm
Ocean Power Delivery’s (OPD) Pelamis wave energy converter is to undergo feasibility trials off the Scottish coast this summer. The work is to take place at the Marine Energy Test Centre in Orkney and is to be carried out by OPD under a memorandum of understanding with AMEC and ScottishPower. The aim is to test the com...	https://www.nsenergybusiness.com/news/newssummer-tests-scheduled-for-pelamis-machine/
By Ahmed A. Shabana Dynamics of Multibody platforms introduces multibody dynamics, with an emphasis on versatile physique dynamics. Many universal mechanisms resembling cars, house constructions, robots, and micro machines have mechanical and structural structures that include interconnected inflexible and deformable e...	http://realitat.com/index.php/pdf/dynamics-of-multibody-systems
The Egyptian Tortoise Testudo kleinmanni (Critically Endangered) is, unlike its slow movement, declining fast. One of the world’s smallest tortoises, it occurs in the Mediterranean region and faces intense pressures. But regional cooperation gives it a gleam of hope. The natural habitat of the Egyptian Tortoise is the ...	https://www.birdlife.org/news/2021/06/08/libyan-and-egyptian-conservationists-work-across-border-to-save-critically-endangered-tortoise/
The boreal felt lichen (Erioderma pedicellatum) is considered critically endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. Although the species has suffered major reductions in parts of its range, new findings in Alaska, Russia, and Newfoundland have significantly increased the estimated population and ...	https://cfs.nrcan.gc.ca/publications?id=36316
Kelly Fitzgerald-HollandSenior Wildlife Biologist & Regulatory Specialist Kelly is a Certified Wildlife Biologist, senior wildlife biologist and environmental compliance expert. She has over 20 years of experience in ecological research, program management, environmental regulation and compliance, and terrestrial ecosy...	https://www.geiconsultants.com/?team=kelly-fitzgerald-holland
This is a case study that's a part of the 2021 REIT Industry ESG Report, an annual report detailing the REIT industry's environmental, social, and governance (ESG) performance details in the publicly traded U.S. REIT industry. Featured case studies showcase REIT leadership and ESG innovation from a variety of sectors a...	https://www.reit.com/news/blog/nareit-developments/equity-lifestyle-properties-maintaining-biodiversity-and-benefiting
The Market Strategy Senior Consultant role within New Business Innovation's Hybrid Business Design team is responsible for contributing to the execution of market analyses that inform hybrid business cases and investment decisions. This position will work with teammates to deliver services, including testing key hypoth...	https://jobsus.deloitte.com/tampa-fl/sr-market-strategy-consultant-nbi_us/439A5B37C6734E5FA47BE0FCD764F19D/job/?vs=28
Source The photograph that has become known as "Migrant Mother" is one of a series of photographs that Dorothea Lange made in February or March of in Nipomo, California. InLange gave this account of the experience: I saw and approached the hungry and desperate mother, as if drawn by a magnet. Onset of depression more c...	https://mowuhab.yunusemremert.com/the-different-causes-of-depression-in-modern-world-12819bf.html
The Science Of First Impressions: Emotions Influence Social Parts Of The Brain To Work Differently Do you remember the first time you met your best friend, or saw the love of your life? A new study, published in the journal ELife, pulls the veil back on the brain to demonstrate how we process those initial encounters i...	https://www.medicaldaily.com/science-first-impressions-emotions-influence-social-parts-brain-work-differently-346846
We are all dealing with this pandemic in our own way as we grapple through unchartered territory. Now, more than ever, in the midst of extreme uncertainty and anxiety, we need to find ways to put in practice what we have always known – that the answer to our quest for happiness lies within ourselves. At a time when mos...	https://www.magzter.com/article/Lifestyle/GlobalSpa/Keep-up-the-HAPPY-HORMONES-in-this-unprecedented-time
Can you see better when you exercise? Participants rode stationary bikes while wearing a wireless heart rate monitor and an EEG cap. Intrigued by recent findings that neuron firing rates in the regions of mouse and fly brains associated with visual processing increase during physical activity, UC Santa Barbara psycholo...	https://www.universityofcalifornia.edu/news/can-you-see-better-when-you-exercise
Exciting advances in neuroscience have taken place during the past decade. A number of them relate to a better understanding of neuropsychiatric diseases. Equally important progress is also being made in our knowledge of the neurobiology of positive states and traits including well-being, resilience, and wisdom. Based ...	https://www.cbr.iisc.ac.in/lectures-01.htm
Multiple things can contribute to depression. These include stressful situations, a lack of support, and life events like losing a loved one or a job. Additionally, some individuals suffer from depression owing to specific medical conditions. Depression is more prevalent among individuals with chronic illnesses such as...	https://6283768275a38.site123.me/blog/the-leading-four-causes-of-depression-are-as-follows
1) It is recommended that a veterinarian or licensed veterinary technician supervise the patient admissions. a) A properly trained nonprofessional can be quite capable of handling this process but we recommend that a licensed professional be available to assist this individual should questions or concerns arise. 2) The...	https://vasg.org/admissions.htm

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Knowledge Pile is a knowledge-related data leveraging Query of CC.

This dataset is a partial of Knowledge Pile(about 40GB disk size), full datasets have been released in [🤗 knowledge_pile_full], a total of 735GB disk size and 188B tokens (using Llama2 tokenizer).

Query of CC

Just like the figure below, we initially collected seed information in some specific domains, such as keywords, frequently asked questions, and textbooks, to serve as inputs for the Query Bootstrapping stage. Leveraging the great generalization capability of large language models, we can effortlessly expand the initial seed information and extend it to an amount of domain-relevant queries. Inspiration from Self-instruct and WizardLM, we encompassed two stages of expansion, namely Question Extension and Thought Generation, which respectively extend the queries in terms of breadth and depth, for retrieving the domain-related data with a broader scope and deeper thought. Subsequently, based on the queries, we retrieved relevant documents from public corpora, and after performing operations such as duplicate data removal and filtering, we formed the final training dataset.

Knowledge Pile Statistics

Based on Query of CC , we have formed a high-quality knowledge dataset Knowledge Pile. As shown in Figure below, comparing with other datasets in academic and mathematical reasoning domains, we have acquired a large-scale, high-quality knowledge dataset at a lower cost, without the need for manual intervention. Through automated query bootstrapping, we efficiently capture the information about the seed query. Knowledge Pile not only covers mathematical reasoning data but also encompasses rich knowledge-oriented corpora spanning various fields such as biology, physics, etc., enhancing its comprehensive research and application potential.

This table presents the top 10 web domains with the highest proportion of Knowledge Pile, primarily including academic websites, high-quality forums, and some knowledge domain sites. Table provides a breakdown of the data sources' timestamps in Knowledge Pile, with statistics conducted on an annual basis. It is evident that a significant portion of Knowledge Pile is sourced from recent years, with a decreasing proportion for earlier timestamps. This trend can be attributed to the exponential growth of internet data and the inherent timeliness introduced by the Knowledge Pile.

Web Domain	Count
en.wikipedia.org	398833
www.semanticscholar.org	141268
slideplayer.com	108177
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov	97009
link.springer.com	85357
www.ipl.org	84084
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov	68934
www.reference.com	61658
www.bartleby.com	60097
quizlet.com	56752

cite

@article{fei2024query,
  title={Query of CC: Unearthing Large Scale Domain-Specific Knowledge from Public Corpora},
  author={Fei, Zhaoye and Shao, Yunfan and Li, Linyang and Zeng, Zhiyuan and Yan, Hang and Qiu, Xipeng and Lin, Dahua},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2401.14624},
  year={2024}
}

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Paper for redmoddata/Knowledge_Pile

Query of CC: Unearthing Large Scale Domain-Specific Knowledge from Public Corpora

Paper • 2401.14624 • Published Jan 26, 2024 • 1